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28 Mar 2008 | 4 min. (756 words)

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General Series - Chemistry Fact Sheet - 3

General Series - Chemistry Fact Sheet - 3

General series
Order
Why ?
1.
I > II > III
There is intermolecular H-bonding I. III has weak force of attraction and is most volatile.
2.B.P. of o, m, p-nitro phenol
o < m < p
Intramolecular H-bonding in o-isomer makes it more volatile.
3.Reactivity of ... with Tollen’s reagent

I > II > IV > III
—CHO group is easily oxidised compared to keto group due to redusing hydrogen.
4.Reactivity of ... with Fehling’s solution
I > II > IV > III
—do—
5.Extent of hydration of
I < II < III < IV
Aldehydes are more hydrated than ketones. Halide makes C of carbonyl group more electropositive.
6.Electrophilic nature of ........ for nucleophilic attack
I > II > III
CH3 group decreases +ve charge on C hence nucleophilic attack.
7.Reactivity of isomeric 1°, 2°, 3° butyl halide towards elimination (E1 or E2)
3° < 2° < 1°
due to stability of intermediate carbocation
8.Dehydration of
IV < I < II < III
Alcohol leading to increase in conjugation due to dehydration is more easily dehydration is more easily dehydrated. IV is vinylic, hence least.
9.Stability of  
 
I < II < III < IV
< V < VI
Substituted alkenes are more stable.More the alkyl groups are attached to the doubly bonded carbon atom more
is the stability.
10.Stability of
I < III < II
II is more substituted than III (More hyperconjugation more stability)
11.Stability of
III > II > I > IV
IV is vinylic while in conjugative, II allylic.
12.Stability of
I < IV < II < III
III is 3° allylic and II is 1° allylic
13.Dehydration of
1°, 2°, 3° isomeric butyl alcohol
3° < 2° < 1°
More the stability of intermediate, greater the reactivity of chemical reaction.
14.Boiling points of
II > I > III
I, II have H-bonding but electronegativity of O > N hence H-bonding in II > I
15.Formation of
I > II > III > IV
(easiest I)
greater the stability, easier the formation of perticular species.
16.Reactivity of C—H bond (abstraction of H)  
 
I < II < III < IV
< V < VI
Vinyl < methyl 1° < 2° < 3° < allylic
17.Leaving nature (tendency) of ... in SN reaction.
I < II < III ~ IV
< V < VI < VII
< VIII
If acid is strong, its conjugate base is weak and greater the leaving tendency.
18.Rate of esterification of the following acids with MeOH
I > II > III > IV
> V
As the size of the substituents on the —C increases, the tetrahedrally bonded interme. diate becomes more crowded and these slower the rate.
19.Relative reactivity of ... with electrophile in SE reaction
  
 
I > II > IV
> III > V
—CH3 is o-, p-directing and responsible for activation.
20.Relative reactivity of these compunds with electrophile inSE reaction

II > I > III > IV
—CH3 is o-, p-directing due to activation while —COOH is m-directing and deactivating group.
21.Relative reactivity of ... with electrophile in SE reaction.
II > I > IV > II
As the number of sp3 hybridised C atoms separating the ring from the positively charged substituent increases, deactivating effect decreases due to less electronegativity.
22.Activating effects of the following o, p-directors.
II > I > III
is best able to donate electrons there by giving a very stable uncharged intermediate. In cross conjugation diminished its ability to donate electrons to an arenium ion.
23.Relative reactivity of ... towards SN1 reaction
II > I > III
Intermediates are benzylic cations. So CH3O(electron repelling) gives greater stability through delocalisation while NO2 (electron attracting) decreases stability.
24.Relative reactivity of ... towards SN1 and SN2 reaction
SN1 :
III > II > I
SN2 :
II < II < I
SN1 : 1° < 2° < 3° alkyl halide

SN2 : 3° < 2° < 1° alkyl halide
25.Relative reactivity of ... with E+ (electrophile) in SE reaction.
II > I > III
—NO2 deactivates benzene ring for SE
   
26.Order of SN2 reactivity of alkoxide nucleophiles  
 
I < IV < V < III
< II
SN2 reactivity is suseptible to steric hindrance by the nucleophile as well as by the size of alkyl group.
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